Revision History for: Entanglement Routing
- 2026-06-07 at 19:21 by Mina Doosti
Functionality Description
Entanglement routing allows a quantum network to generate long distance entanglement between two or multiple nodes. A Quantum router is a device used to transmit quantum information over long distances along a quantum network using entanglement swapping between routers. As quantum information transmissivity decays exponentially in function of the distance, quantum routers are needed to successfully establish entangled states between any nodes on the quantum network.
There are entanglement routing protocols that are specifically designed for certain network topology e.g: linear, rings, spheres, grids, recursively generated network or for networks with arbitrary topology.
The main goal of entanglement routing is to develop efficient routing protocols to enable long distance entanglement.
Protocols
The protocols that implement this functionality are:
Classical Analogues
No content has been added to this section, yet!
Real-world Use Cases
No content has been added to this section, yet!
Properties
- Entanglement routing assumes the presence of:
- Classical and quantum communication physical channels.
- Quantum repeater nodes.
- Quantum repeater nodes:
- Contain qubits that in the short and medium term are applicable to only basic operations i.e, Bell State Measurements to pairs of neighborhood nodes allowing the Entanglement Swapping operation.
- Have global (all the network) or local (just neighborhood) information on the state of other nodes.
- Some protocols consider fault-tolerant operations on the nodes but other use Entanglement Distillation or Error Corrections schemes on the repeater nodes [1].
Further Information
All of the approaches below were based on the specific structure of the physical graphs and manipulation of multi-partite entangled states. However, with current day technologies, these solutions are very difficult to realize in practice.
- Distributing entanglement in a simple chain network:
- Distributing entanglement from a percolation theory point of view:
- Distributing Entanglements in a noisy network using the concept of quantum network coding:
The routing approaches below are based on classical techniques and these are arguably more likely to be implemented with the near future quantum technology. In all of these approaches, first, the nodes discover a path from a source to a destination and then distribute the entangled links along the path. The difference between these approaches comes from the path selection algorithms.
Example of optimization metrics of Entanglement Routing Protocols:
- In Routing Entanglement in the Quantum Internet their goal is to maximize the rate regions simultaneously achievable by the entanglement flows
- In Distributed Routing in a Quantum Internet their objective is to minimize the latency of the network to serve a request to create entanglement between two distant nodes in the network.
- In Entanglement Distribution in a Quantum Network: A Multicommodity Flow-Based Approach – Chakraborty et al. (2020) they consider the problem of optimizing the achievable EPR-pair distribution rate between multiple source-destination pairs.
Other Works:
- In Capacities of repeater-assisted quantum communications – Pirandola (2016) analyzed entanglement-generation capacities of repeater networks assuming ideal repeater nodes and argued that for a single flow the maximum entanglement-generation rate $R_{1}$ reduces to the classical max-flow min-cut problem.
- In Fundamental Limits of Repeaterless Quantum Communications – Pirandola et al. (2015) provides precise and general benchmarks for quantum repeaters.
References
* The original version of this page on the old QPZoo was created by Lucas Arenstein during the QOSF Mentorship Program, Mentor: Shraddha Singh
- Rozpędek, Filip, Kyungjoo Noh, Qian Xu, Saikat Guha, and Liang Jiang. “Quantum repeaters based on concatenated bosonic and discrete-variable quantum codes.” npj Quantum Information 7, no. 1 (2021): 102.
- Entanglement routing assumes the presence of:
- 2025-06-24 at 21:23 by JuliaM
Functionality Description
Entanglement routing allows a quantum network to generate long distance entanglement between two or multiple nodes. A Quantum router is a device used to transmit quantum information over long distances along a quantum network using entanglement swapping between routers. As quantum information transmissivity decays exponentially in function of the distance, quantum routers are needed to successfully establish entangled states between any nodes on the quantum network.
There are entanglement routing protocols that are specifically designed for certain network topology e.g: linear, rings, spheres, grids, recursively generated network or for networks with arbitrary topology.
The main goal of entanglement routing is to develop efficient routing protocols to enable long distance entanglement.
Protocols
The protocols that implement this functionality are:
Classical Analogues
No content has been added to this section, yet!
Real-world Use Cases
No content has been added to this section, yet!
Properties
- Entanglement routing assumes the presence of:
- Classical and quantum communication physical channels.
- Quantum repeater nodes.
- Quantum repeater nodes:
- Contain qubits that in the short and medium term are applicable to only basic operations i.e, Bell State Measurements to pairs of neighborhood nodes allowing the Entanglement Swapping operation.
- Have global (all the network) or local (just neighborhood) information on the state of other nodes.
- Some protocols consider fault-tolerant operations on the nodes but other use Entanglement Distillation or Error Corrections schemes on the repeater nodes [1].
Further Information
All of the approaches below were based on the specific structure of the physical graphs and manipulation of multi-partite entangled states. However, with current day technologies, these solutions are very difficult to realize in practice.
- Distributing entanglement in a simple chain network:
- Distributing entanglement from a percolation theory point of view:
- Distributing Entanglements in a noisy network using the concept of quantum network coding:
The routing approaches below are based on classical techniques and these are arguably more likely to be implemented with the near future quantum technology. In all of these approaches, first, the nodes discover a path from a source to a destination and then distribute the entangled links along the path. The difference between these approaches comes from the path selection algorithms.
Example of optimization metrics of Entanglement Routing Protocols:
- In Routing Entanglement in the Quantum Internet their goal is to maximize the rate regions simultaneously achievable by the entanglement flows
- In Distributed Routing in a Quantum Internet their objective is to minimize the latency of the network to serve a request to create entanglement between two distant nodes in the network.
- In Entanglement Distribution in a Quantum Network: A Multicommodity Flow-Based Approach – Chakraborty et al. (2020) they consider the problem of optimizing the achievable EPR-pair distribution rate between multiple source-destination pairs.
Other Works:
- In Capacities of repeater-assisted quantum communications – Pirandola (2016) analyzed entanglement-generation capacities of repeater networks assuming ideal repeater nodes and argued that for a single flow the maximum entanglement-generation rate $R_{1}$ reduces to the classical max-flow min-cut problem.
- In Fundamental Limits of Repeaterless Quantum Communications – Pirandola et al. (2015) provides precise and general benchmarks for quantum repeaters.
References
- Rozpędek, Filip, Kyungjoo Noh, Qian Xu, Saikat Guha, and Liang Jiang. “Quantum repeaters based on concatenated bosonic and discrete-variable quantum codes.” npj Quantum Information 7, no. 1 (2021): 102.
- Entanglement routing assumes the presence of:
- 2025-05-15 at 14:15 by JuliaM
Functionality Description
Entanglement routing allows a quantum network to generate long distance entanglement between two or multiple nodes. A Quantum router is a device used to transmit quantum information over long distances along a quantum network using entanglement swapping between routers. As quantum information transmissivity decays exponentially in function of the distance, quantum routers are needed to successfully establish entangled states between any nodes on the quantum network.
There are entanglement routing protocols that are specifically designed for certain network topology e.g: linear, rings, spheres, grids, recursively generated network or for networks with arbitrary topology.
The main goal of entanglement routing is to develop efficient routing protocols to enable long distance entanglement.
Protocols
No protocols implement this functionality yet.
Classical Analogues
No content has been added to this section, yet!
Real-world Use Cases
No content has been added to this section, yet!
Properties
- Entanglement routing assumes the presence of:
- Classical and quantum communication physical channels.
- Quantum repeater nodes.
- Quantum repeater nodes:
- Contain qubits that in the short and medium term are applicable to only basic operations i.e, Bell State Measurements to pairs of neighborhood nodes allowing the Entanglement Swapping operation.
- Have global (all the network) or local (just neighborhood) information on the state of other nodes.
- Some protocols consider fault-tolerant operations on the nodes but other use Entanglement Distillation or Error Corrections schemes on the repeater nodes [1].
Further Information
All of the approaches below were based on the specific structure of the physical graphs and manipulation of multi-partite entangled states. However, with current day technologies, these solutions are very difficult to realize in practice.
- Distributing entanglement in a simple chain network:
- Distributing entanglement from a percolation theory point of view:
- Distributing Entanglements in a noisy network using the concept of quantum network coding:
The routing approaches below are based on classical techniques and these are arguably more likely to be implemented with the near future quantum technology. In all of these approaches, first, the nodes discover a path from a source to a destination and then distribute the entangled links along the path. The difference between these approaches comes from the path selection algorithms.
Example of optimization metrics of Entanglement Routing Protocols:
- In Routing Entanglement in the Quantum Internet their goal is to maximize the rate regions simultaneously achievable by the entanglement flows
- In Distributed Routing in a Quantum Internet their objective is to minimize the latency of the network to serve a request to create entanglement between two distant nodes in the network.
- In Entanglement Distribution in a Quantum Network: A Multicommodity Flow-Based Approach – Chakraborty et al. (2020) they consider the problem of optimizing the achievable EPR-pair distribution rate between multiple source-destination pairs.
Other Works:
- In Capacities of repeater-assisted quantum communications – Pirandola (2016) analyzed entanglement-generation capacities of repeater networks assuming ideal repeater nodes and argued that for a single flow the maximum entanglement-generation rate $R_{1}$ reduces to the classical max-flow min-cut problem.
- In Fundamental Limits of Repeaterless Quantum Communications – Pirandola et al. (2015) provides precise and general benchmarks for quantum repeaters.
References
- Rozpędek, Filip, Kyungjoo Noh, Qian Xu, Saikat Guha, and Liang Jiang. “Quantum repeaters based on concatenated bosonic and discrete-variable quantum codes.” npj Quantum Information 7, no. 1 (2021): 102.
- Entanglement routing assumes the presence of: